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Clinostomum marginatum
''Clinostomum marginatum'' is a species of parasitic fluke (class Trematoda). It is commonly called the "yellow grub". It is found in many freshwater fish in North America, and no fish, so far is immune to this parasite. This type of fluke can be found in the mouth of aquatic birds such as herons and egrets. They are also found commonly in the esophagus of fish-eating birds, and reptiles. Eggs of these trematodes are shed in the feces, hopefully into the water. Many aquatic birds become infected by ingesting freshwater fish that are infected. The metacercariae are found right beneath the skin or in the muscles.
Life cycle of this “yellow grub” consists of two intermediate hosts and one definitive host. The parasite’s eggs hatch in the water and the miracidium invades the foot of the snails. The cercaria leaves the snail and encysts in the muscle of the connective tissue of fresh-water species. The metacercarial stage is that is formed is then referred to as the “yellow grub”. The encysted metacercaria appears yellow, slightly oval spot, about 3 to 6 mm long. Metacercariae are common in the caudal, dorsal, and pectoral fins; on the inside surface of the operculum, and in the flesh. The adult trematode is found in the mouth and esophatus of herons and other fish-eating birds.
==Morphology==
''C. maginatum'' is a yellow worm that can grow up to in the flesh of freshwater fish. Distinguishing characteristics of this parasite in the "miracidium" stage are three eyespots located on the mid-dorsal line, posterior of lateral papillae. These are cup-shaped and contains lens forming a triangle-shaped appearance on the parasite. They also contain two pairs of flame cells; one pair located on the anterior between the eyespots and lateral papillae and one pair on the posterior side. In addition, they have pairs of large refractive vacuoles, which are found near the flame cells. They differ in structure and physiological phenotypes depending on its habitat. However, ones found in herons were smooth, thick teguments and absorbed food such as glucose through facilitated diffusion.
Along with a thick tegument, these flukes were also found to have bacteria on them. The bacteria may play a role in the absorption and metabolism of glucose.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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